06 November, 2010
28 October, 2010
MCSL-045 UNIX LAB MANUAL SOLVED
Session 1
1) Explore all the UNIX commands given in this manual.
Answer- Information:-
1. Date- show date and time.
2. History- list of previously executed commands.
3. Man- show on-line documentation by program name.
4. Who- who is on the system and what are they doing.
5. Who am i- who is logged onto this system.
File Management:-
1. Cat- combine files.
2. Cp- copy file.
3. Ls- list of file in a directory and their attributes.
4. Mv- change file name or directory location.
5. Chmod- set file permission.
Display contents of files:-
1. Cat- copy file to display device.
2. Vi- Screen editor for modify text files.
3. More- show text files on display terminal with paging control.
4. Head- show first few lines of a file.
5. Tail- show last few lines of file or reverse line order.
6. Grep- display lines that match a pattern.
Directories:-
1. Cd- change to new directory.
2. Mkdir- create new directory.
3. Rmdir-remove empty directory.
4. Mv- change name or directory location.
5. Pwd- show present working directory.
2) Create a directory.
Answer- mkdir
For ex:- mkdir abc
3) Create a subdirectory in the directory created.
Answer- step-1: first create a directory
For ex:- mkdir rootdirectory
Step-2: then enter in rootdirectory
For ex: cd rootdirectory
Step-3: then create another directory
For ex: mkdir subdirectory.
4) Change your current directory to the subdirectory.
Answer -Mv
5) Display the calendar for the current month.
Answer -Cal
For ex: cal 2010
6) Get a directory listing of the parent directory.
Answer -Ls
7) How many users were logged onto your system?
Answer -Who
8) Display your name in the form of a banner.
Answer -Banner Abhi
9) Display the name of device name of your terminal.
Answer -Tty
10) Move to the root directory.
Answer -Cd\
Session 2
11) Change your directory to the directory exercises. Create a file called example1 using the cat command containing the following text:
water, water everywhere
and all the boards did shrink;
water, water everywhere,
No drop to drink.
Answer -Mv mydirectory exercise
Step-1: cat example
Step-2: type the text
Step-3: Press ctrl+D for save
12) Use the man command to obtain further information on the finger command.
Answer -Man finger
13) List all the processes that are presently running.
Answer -Ps
14) List the text files in your current directory.
Answer -Find/ usr –type –name *.txt print
15) Make a copy of any text file.
Answer -Cp
16) Rename one of your text files in the current directory.
Answer -Mv
17) Delete an unneeded copy of a file.
Answer -Rm
18) Print out any file on paper.
Answer -lp
19) Send a message to another user on your UNIX system, and get them to reply.
Answer -Write user
20) Create a small text file and send it to another user.
Answer -Mail
Session 3
21) When you receive a message, save it to a file other than your mailbox.
Answer -We can open all received message by
$mail
Then we save a mail message to a file by
$sx
22) Send a message to a user on a different computer system.
Answer -Mail mca11 ttyp5
Subject: Hello
How are you?
Then press ctrl+D .
23) Try to move to the home directory of someone else in your group. There are several ways to do this, and you may find that you are not permitted to enter certain directories. See what files they have, and what the file permissions are.
Answer -Cd user/mca11
24) Try to copy a file from another user’s directory to your own.
Answer -@pwd
User/mca11
$cd abhishek
$ cp xyz.txt/user2/mca12
25) Set permissions on all of your files and directories to those that you want. You may want to give read permission on some of your files and directories to members of your group.
Answer -$chmod –R 777 abc.txt
26) Create a number of hierarchically related directories and navigate through them using a combination of absolute pathnames (starting with "/") and relative pathnames.
Answer -$mkdir/user/mca11/helpme
$cd user/mca11/helpme
27) Try using wildcards (“*” and possibly “?”).
Answer -$ls *.txt
This command will display the listing of all files having extension .txt.
28) Put a listing of the files in your directory into a file called filelist. (Then delete it!)
Answer -$ls *.txt
$find filename.txt –printr> filename.txt
$vi as.txt
$rm file list
29) Create a text file containing a short story, and then use the spell program to check the spelling of the words in the file.
Answer -$cat>story.txt
Type the text
Press ctrl+D to save.
$spell story.txt
30) Redirect the output of the spell program to a file called errors.
Answer -$spell story.txt>error
Session 4
31) Type the command ls -l and examine the format of the output. Pipe the output of the command ls -l to the word count program wc to obtain a count of the number of files in your directory.
Answer -$ls –l |wc -c
32) Use cut to strip away the reference material and leave just the text field.
Answer -$cat –F 1-3-d
33) Use tr to strip away any tags that are actually in the text (e.g., attached to the words), so that you are left with just the words.
Answer -$tr –d –c setting1.
34) Set a file to be read-only with the chmod (from change mode) command. Interpret the file permissions displayed by the ls -l command.
Answer -$chmod 444
$ls –l
35) Delete one or more directories with the rmdir (from remove directory) command. See what happens if the directory is not empty. Experiment (carefully!) with the rm -r command to delete a directory and its content.
Answer -$rmdir
$rm –r
$rm –r abc
36) Experiment with redirecting command output (e.g., ls -l >file1). Try ">> " instead of " >" with an existing text file as the output.
Answer -$ls –l>> file
This will append the text in existing file.
37) See whether upper-case versions of any of these commands work as well as the lower-case versions.
Answer -$ls –l>file name
Not found.
38) Use the who command to see users logged into the system.
$who
Mca1 ttyp7 mar20 15:14
Mca2 ttyp5 mar19 11:11
Mca2 ttyp6 mar16 11:10
Mca3 ttyp7 mar11 13:11
39) Pipe the output of the who command to the sort command
Answer -$who|sort -4
40) Search for your login name in whofile using the grep command.
Answer -$who >who file
$grep mca22 whofile
Or
$who |grep mca22
Session 5
41) Compare two text files with the diff command.
Answer -$diff file1 file2
42) Count lines, words, and characters in a file with the wc command.
Answer -$wc –c for characters
$wc –l for lines
$wc –w for wordss
43) Display your current environment variables with the following command: set or env.
Answer -$set or $env both are same
$set or $env
Output:-
HOME=/user1/mca22
HUSHLOGIN= FALSE
HZ=100
TFS=
LOG NAME= mca22
MAIL= /user/spool/mail/mca22
MAILCHECK= 600
MF_ADM=odm.cat@unix
Msg-Mail=1
Ms_PROFILE=1
OPTLND=1
PATH=/bin:/usrer1/mca22/bin:
PS1=$
PS2=>
SHELL=/bin/sh
TERM=ansi
TZ=ESTSEDT
44) Concatenate all files in a directory redirected to /dev/null and redirecting standard error to “errorFile”?
Answer -$cat *>>file name
Show error
Cat: input error: is a directory
Total 68
Dr wxh –xh –x2bca22 9-bca siz Dec 30 12:50
$cat file name
45) Display information on yourself or another user with the finger command.
Answer -$finger
Login name tty idle login time Where
Mca1 *P20 15:49 22:11 192.168.22.3
Mca2 *P21 12:22 21:11 192.168.2.3
Mca3 *P23 14:49 12:11 192.168.2.5
Mca4 *P26 11:49 22:11 192.168.2.2
47) Delete all the files in the current directory whose name ends in “.bak”.
Answer -$cat>a.back
Sss
Ctrl+D
$ls –l *.back
$rm *.back
48) Display lines 10 to 14 of any file which contains 25 lines.
Answer -$tail +10 file name|head -5
$head -10 file1| tail -14 file
49) Count how many lines contain the word science in a word file science.txt.
Answer -Cat> science.txt
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - science- - - - - -
predd ctrl+D to save
$grep –c “science” science.txt |wc -l
50) List the statistics of the largest file (and only the largest file) in the current directory.
Answer -$ls –l| grep ‘n’ |sort>m1
$cat –d –f 4|sort m1;tail -l
Session 6
51) Kill any process with the help of the PID and run any process at the background.
Answer -$pwd
$kill 22556
$vi abc.txt
$date &
52) Select a text file and double space the lines.
Answer -$cat>a11.txt
Abc efg hig
Ctrl+d to save.
$ps -d>plog1.txt [second file]
Output:
Abc efg hig
53) List all the users from /etc/passwd in the alphabetically sorted order.
Answer -$cat /etc/password|sort
54) Create a file with duplicate records and delete duplicate records for that file.
Answer -$cat b11.txt
Abhishek abhishek abhishek
Ctrl+D to save.
$uniq –c b11.txt
Abhishek
$uniq abc.txt>ab1.txt
$Cp ab.txt abc.txt
$cat abc.txt
55) Use the grep command to search the file example1 for occurrences of the string “water”.
Answer -$cat>prog.sh
For I in cat example1
Do
Echo $i>>ex1
Done
Ctrl+D
$sh prog.sh
$cat ex1|grep –c “water”
$grep water example1
56) Write grep commands to do the following activities:
• To select the lines from a file that have exactly two characters.
$grep ‘^.$’ n1
• To select the lines from a file that start with the upper case letter.
$grep ‘[A-Z] ^1
• To select the lines from a file that end with a period.
$grep $n1
• To select the lines in a file that has one or more blank spaces.
$grep ‘ ‘n1
• To select the lines in a file and direct them to another file which has digits
as one of the characters in that line.
$grep ‘[0-9]’ n1>n2
57) Make a sorted wordlist from the file.
Answer -$tr ‘A-Z’ ‘a-z’ < file1|tr –cs ‘a-z’ ‘\02’|sort |uniq –c>file2
58) Try to execute the example shell scripts given in this manual.
Answer -$vi nv
Echo “Enter any no.”
Read a
Echo “Number is 4a”
59) Write a shell script that searches for a single word pattern recursively in the current directory and displays the no. of times it occurred.
Answer -$grep –r ‘ABC’
Session 7
61) Write a shell script that accepts a string from the terminal and echo a suitable message if it doesn’t have at least 5 characters including the other symbols.
Answer –
$vi abc
Echo “Enter the string”
Read s
C=`expr $s |wc –c`
C=`expr $c -1`
If Test $c –ge 5
Then
Echo “String is valid”
Else
Echo “String is invalid”
Fi
:wq
62) Write a shell script to echo the string length of the given string as argument.
Answer –
Vi xyz
Echo “enter the String”
Read a
C=’echo $a |wc –c’
C=`expr $c -1`
Echo $c
:wq
63) Write a shell script that accepts two directory names as arguments and deletes those files in the first directory which are similarly named in the second directly. Note: Contents should also match inside the files.
Answer –
Vi abc
Echo “enter the fist Dir”
Read a
Echo “Enter the second Dir”
Read b
Ls $a >> aa
Ls $b >> bb
For ‘in comm. -1-2 aabb’
Do
Q=’emp –s/usrer/bca/hour/s1/user1/bca1/abhi/$i’
Echo $q
If Test $q –eq 0
Sun/user1/bca1/hour/$ls
Sun/user1/bca1/abhi/&i
Else
fi
Done
:wq
64) Write a shell script to display the processes running on the system for every 30 seconds, but only for 3 times.
Answer –
Vi process
I=”0”
While Test $i –le 3
Do sleep 5
Ps
i=`expr $i +1`
done
65) Write a shell script that displays the last modification time of any file.
Ls –l put|cat –c -45 -48
66) Write a shell script to check the spellings of any text document given as an argument.
Echo “enter the file”
Read a
Spell $a> error
Cut error
69) Write a shell script which reads the contents in a text file and removes all the blank spaces in them and redirects the output to a file.
Answer –
W=`wc –w Test`
Echo “No of word $w”
C=1
Set ‘cat jay’
While test $c –le $w
Do
Echo –n $i>>jay
C=`expr $c +1`
Done
Cut jay
Or
Vi xyz
For I in ‘cat jay’
Do
Echo –n 4i
done
70) Write a shell script that changes the name of the files passed as arguments to lowercase.
Echo $i>temp
Tr “[:uppr:]” “[:lowe:]” [temp]
Mv /user/mca2/$i/user/mca2/$a
Session 8
71) Write a shell script to translate all the characters to lower case in a given text file.
Answer –
Echo enter a text file
Read file
If [1 $file]
Then
Echo 4file not a file
Exit
Fi
Cat $file |tr ‘[A-Z]’ ‘[a-z]’
72) Write a shell script to combine any three text files into a single file (append them in the order as they appear in the arguments) and display the word count.
Answer –
# //bin/bash
File1=$1
File2=$2
File3=$3 out- ‘output $1’
Count=0
If [$# -ne 3]
Then
Echo “$(base name $o) file1 file 2file3”
Exit1
Fi
If [!=$file]
Then
Echo ‘$file! Not a file’
Exit2
Fi
If[! –f $file2]
Then
Echo “$file2 not file!”
Exit 3
Fi
If [1- f $file]
Then
Echo $file3 not a file!”
Exit2
Fi
$file1 $file 2$file3?? $out
Count=4(cat $out|wc –w)
Echo “count words written to out!”
1) Explore all the UNIX commands given in this manual.
Answer- Information:-
1. Date- show date and time.
2. History- list of previously executed commands.
3. Man- show on-line documentation by program name.
4. Who- who is on the system and what are they doing.
5. Who am i- who is logged onto this system.
File Management:-
1. Cat- combine files.
2. Cp- copy file.
3. Ls- list of file in a directory and their attributes.
4. Mv- change file name or directory location.
5. Chmod- set file permission.
Display contents of files:-
1. Cat- copy file to display device.
2. Vi- Screen editor for modify text files.
3. More- show text files on display terminal with paging control.
4. Head- show first few lines of a file.
5. Tail- show last few lines of file or reverse line order.
6. Grep- display lines that match a pattern.
Directories:-
1. Cd- change to new directory.
2. Mkdir- create new directory.
3. Rmdir-remove empty directory.
4. Mv- change name or directory location.
5. Pwd- show present working directory.
2) Create a directory.
Answer- mkdir
For ex:- mkdir abc
3) Create a subdirectory in the directory created.
Answer- step-1: first create a directory
For ex:- mkdir rootdirectory
Step-2: then enter in rootdirectory
For ex: cd rootdirectory
Step-3: then create another directory
For ex: mkdir subdirectory.
4) Change your current directory to the subdirectory.
Answer -Mv
5) Display the calendar for the current month.
Answer -Cal
For ex: cal 2010
6) Get a directory listing of the parent directory.
Answer -Ls
7) How many users were logged onto your system?
Answer -Who
8) Display your name in the form of a banner.
Answer -Banner Abhi
9) Display the name of device name of your terminal.
Answer -Tty
10) Move to the root directory.
Answer -Cd\
Session 2
11) Change your directory to the directory exercises. Create a file called example1 using the cat command containing the following text:
water, water everywhere
and all the boards did shrink;
water, water everywhere,
No drop to drink.
Answer -Mv mydirectory exercise
Step-1: cat example
Step-2: type the text
Step-3: Press ctrl+D for save
12) Use the man command to obtain further information on the finger command.
Answer -Man finger
13) List all the processes that are presently running.
Answer -Ps
14) List the text files in your current directory.
Answer -Find/ usr –type –name *.txt print
15) Make a copy of any text file.
Answer -Cp
16) Rename one of your text files in the current directory.
Answer -Mv
17) Delete an unneeded copy of a file.
Answer -Rm
18) Print out any file on paper.
Answer -lp
19) Send a message to another user on your UNIX system, and get them to reply.
Answer -Write user
20) Create a small text file and send it to another user.
Answer -Mail
Session 3
21) When you receive a message, save it to a file other than your mailbox.
Answer -We can open all received message by
Then we save a mail message to a file by
$sx
22) Send a message to a user on a different computer system.
Answer -Mail mca11 ttyp5
Subject: Hello
How are you?
Then press ctrl+D .
23) Try to move to the home directory of someone else in your group. There are several ways to do this, and you may find that you are not permitted to enter certain directories. See what files they have, and what the file permissions are.
Answer -Cd user/mca11
24) Try to copy a file from another user’s directory to your own.
Answer -@pwd
User/mca11
$cd abhishek
$ cp xyz.txt/user2/mca12
25) Set permissions on all of your files and directories to those that you want. You may want to give read permission on some of your files and directories to members of your group.
Answer -$chmod –R 777 abc.txt
26) Create a number of hierarchically related directories and navigate through them using a combination of absolute pathnames (starting with "/") and relative pathnames.
Answer -$mkdir/user/mca11/helpme
$cd user/mca11/helpme
27) Try using wildcards (“*” and possibly “?”).
Answer -$ls *.txt
This command will display the listing of all files having extension .txt.
28) Put a listing of the files in your directory into a file called filelist. (Then delete it!)
Answer -$ls *.txt
$find filename.txt –printr> filename.txt
$vi as.txt
$rm file list
29) Create a text file containing a short story, and then use the spell program to check the spelling of the words in the file.
Answer -$cat>story.txt
Type the text
Press ctrl+D to save.
$spell story.txt
30) Redirect the output of the spell program to a file called errors.
Answer -$spell story.txt>error
Session 4
31) Type the command ls -l and examine the format of the output. Pipe the output of the command ls -l to the word count program wc to obtain a count of the number of files in your directory.
Answer -$ls –l |wc -c
32) Use cut to strip away the reference material and leave just the text field.
Answer -$cat –F 1-3-d
33) Use tr to strip away any tags that are actually in the text (e.g., attached to the words), so that you are left with just the words.
Answer -$tr –d –c setting1.
34) Set a file to be read-only with the chmod (from change mode) command. Interpret the file permissions displayed by the ls -l command.
Answer -$chmod 444
$ls –l
35) Delete one or more directories with the rmdir (from remove directory) command. See what happens if the directory is not empty. Experiment (carefully!) with the rm -r command to delete a directory and its content.
Answer -$rmdir
$rm –r
$rm –r abc
36) Experiment with redirecting command output (e.g., ls -l >file1). Try ">> " instead of " >" with an existing text file as the output.
Answer -$ls –l>> file
This will append the text in existing file.
37) See whether upper-case versions of any of these commands work as well as the lower-case versions.
Answer -$ls –l>file name
Not found.
38) Use the who command to see users logged into the system.
$who
Mca1 ttyp7 mar20 15:14
Mca2 ttyp5 mar19 11:11
Mca2 ttyp6 mar16 11:10
Mca3 ttyp7 mar11 13:11
39) Pipe the output of the who command to the sort command
Answer -$who|sort -4
40) Search for your login name in whofile using the grep command.
Answer -$who >who file
$grep mca22 whofile
Or
$who |grep mca22
Session 5
41) Compare two text files with the diff command.
Answer -$diff file1 file2
42) Count lines, words, and characters in a file with the wc command.
Answer -$wc –c for characters
$wc –l for lines
$wc –w for wordss
43) Display your current environment variables with the following command: set or env.
Answer -$set or $env both are same
$set or $env
Output:-
HOME=/user1/mca22
HUSHLOGIN= FALSE
HZ=100
TFS=
LOG NAME= mca22
MAIL= /user/spool/mail/mca22
MAILCHECK= 600
MF_ADM=odm.cat@unix
Msg-Mail=1
Ms_PROFILE=1
OPTLND=1
PATH=/bin:/usrer1/mca22/bin:
PS1=$
PS2=>
SHELL=/bin/sh
TERM=ansi
TZ=ESTSEDT
44) Concatenate all files in a directory redirected to /dev/null and redirecting standard error to “errorFile”?
Answer -$cat *>>file name
Show error
Cat: input error: is a directory
Total 68
Dr wxh –xh –x2bca22 9-bca siz Dec 30 12:50
$cat file name
45) Display information on yourself or another user with the finger command.
Answer -$finger
Login name tty idle login time Where
Mca1 *P20 15:49 22:11 192.168.22.3
Mca2 *P21 12:22 21:11 192.168.2.3
Mca3 *P23 14:49 12:11 192.168.2.5
Mca4 *P26 11:49 22:11 192.168.2.2
47) Delete all the files in the current directory whose name ends in “.bak”.
Answer -$cat>a.back
Sss
Ctrl+D
$ls –l *.back
$rm *.back
48) Display lines 10 to 14 of any file which contains 25 lines.
Answer -$tail +10 file name|head -5
$head -10 file1| tail -14 file
49) Count how many lines contain the word science in a word file science.txt.
Answer -Cat> science.txt
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - science- - - - - -
predd ctrl+D to save
$grep –c “science” science.txt |wc -l
50) List the statistics of the largest file (and only the largest file) in the current directory.
Answer -$ls –l| grep ‘n’ |sort>m1
$cat –d –f 4|sort m1;tail -l
Session 6
51) Kill any process with the help of the PID and run any process at the background.
Answer -$pwd
$kill 22556
$vi abc.txt
$date &
52) Select a text file and double space the lines.
Answer -$cat>a11.txt
Abc efg hig
Ctrl+d to save.
$ps -d>plog1.txt [second file]
Output:
Abc efg hig
53) List all the users from /etc/passwd in the alphabetically sorted order.
Answer -$cat /etc/password|sort
54) Create a file with duplicate records and delete duplicate records for that file.
Answer -$cat b11.txt
Abhishek abhishek abhishek
Ctrl+D to save.
$uniq –c b11.txt
Abhishek
$uniq abc.txt>ab1.txt
$Cp ab.txt abc.txt
$cat abc.txt
55) Use the grep command to search the file example1 for occurrences of the string “water”.
Answer -$cat>prog.sh
For I in cat example1
Do
Echo $i>>ex1
Done
Ctrl+D
$sh prog.sh
$cat ex1|grep –c “water”
$grep water example1
56) Write grep commands to do the following activities:
• To select the lines from a file that have exactly two characters.
$grep ‘^.$’ n1
• To select the lines from a file that start with the upper case letter.
$grep ‘[A-Z] ^1
• To select the lines from a file that end with a period.
$grep $n1
• To select the lines in a file that has one or more blank spaces.
$grep ‘ ‘n1
• To select the lines in a file and direct them to another file which has digits
as one of the characters in that line.
$grep ‘[0-9]’ n1>n2
57) Make a sorted wordlist from the file.
Answer -$tr ‘A-Z’ ‘a-z’ < file1|tr –cs ‘a-z’ ‘\02’|sort |uniq –c>file2
58) Try to execute the example shell scripts given in this manual.
Answer -$vi nv
Echo “Enter any no.”
Read a
Echo “Number is 4a”
59) Write a shell script that searches for a single word pattern recursively in the current directory and displays the no. of times it occurred.
Answer -$grep –r ‘ABC’
Session 7
61) Write a shell script that accepts a string from the terminal and echo a suitable message if it doesn’t have at least 5 characters including the other symbols.
Answer –
$vi abc
Echo “Enter the string”
Read s
C=`expr $s |wc –c`
C=`expr $c -1`
If Test $c –ge 5
Then
Echo “String is valid”
Else
Echo “String is invalid”
Fi
:wq
62) Write a shell script to echo the string length of the given string as argument.
Answer –
Vi xyz
Echo “enter the String”
Read a
C=’echo $a |wc –c’
C=`expr $c -1`
Echo $c
:wq
63) Write a shell script that accepts two directory names as arguments and deletes those files in the first directory which are similarly named in the second directly. Note: Contents should also match inside the files.
Answer –
Vi abc
Echo “enter the fist Dir”
Read a
Echo “Enter the second Dir”
Read b
Ls $a >> aa
Ls $b >> bb
For ‘in comm. -1-2 aabb’
Do
Q=’emp –s/usrer/bca/hour/s1/user1/bca1/abhi/$i’
Echo $q
If Test $q –eq 0
Sun/user1/bca1/hour/$ls
Sun/user1/bca1/abhi/&i
Else
fi
Done
:wq
64) Write a shell script to display the processes running on the system for every 30 seconds, but only for 3 times.
Answer –
Vi process
I=”0”
While Test $i –le 3
Do sleep 5
Ps
i=`expr $i +1`
done
65) Write a shell script that displays the last modification time of any file.
Ls –l put|cat –c -45 -48
66) Write a shell script to check the spellings of any text document given as an argument.
Echo “enter the file”
Read a
Spell $a> error
Cut error
69) Write a shell script which reads the contents in a text file and removes all the blank spaces in them and redirects the output to a file.
Answer –
W=`wc –w Test`
Echo “No of word $w”
C=1
Set ‘cat jay’
While test $c –le $w
Do
Echo –n $i>>jay
C=`expr $c +1`
Done
Cut jay
Or
Vi xyz
For I in ‘cat jay’
Do
Echo –n 4i
done
70) Write a shell script that changes the name of the files passed as arguments to lowercase.
Echo $i>temp
Tr “[:uppr:]” “[:lowe:]” [temp]
Mv /user/mca2/$i/user/mca2/$a
Session 8
71) Write a shell script to translate all the characters to lower case in a given text file.
Answer –
Echo enter a text file
Read file
If [1 $file]
Then
Echo 4file not a file
Exit
Fi
Cat $file |tr ‘[A-Z]’ ‘[a-z]’
72) Write a shell script to combine any three text files into a single file (append them in the order as they appear in the arguments) and display the word count.
Answer –
# //bin/bash
File1=$1
File2=$2
File3=$3 out- ‘output $1’
Count=0
If [$# -ne 3]
Then
Echo “$(base name $o) file1 file 2file3”
Exit1
Fi
If [!=$file]
Then
Echo ‘$file! Not a file’
Exit2
Fi
If[! –f $file2]
Then
Echo “$file2 not file!”
Exit 3
Fi
If [1- f $file]
Then
Echo $file3 not a file!”
Exit2
Fi
$file1 $file 2$file3?? $out
Count=4(cat $out|wc –w)
Echo “count words written to out!”
28 September, 2010
Difference Between .Net & Java
Java
• Java is developed by Sun Microsystems.
.NET
• .Net is developed by Microsoft Corporation
• Java is developed by Sun Microsystems.
- Java is a light weight language and can be run on almost all the OS(it require less hardware)
- Java you need to confirm it that all the objects are destroyed before application quits.
- Java has no standard tool is available. Although, many third party IDEs are available
- Java is a programming language designed to be run on many different platforms, and so uses a common language which has to be compiled and run on different platforms (eg. windows, mac and linux).Any OS which is able to install JVMJava can be used to write programs for many different operating systems
- Java interface, a null object reference maps to the VT_NULL VARIANT value
- Java interface, all failure HRESULTs from the underlying COM interface are reported by throwing a com.ca.openroad.COMException containing that HRESULT value
.NET
• .Net is developed by Microsoft Corporation
- .Net needs a very heavy framework to be installed which have higher Hardware requirements too compared to Java
- .Net garbage collector runs at a certain interval and see is there is any memory occupied by anyobject whose parent is now finished processing (for eg. you closed an application), in this casethe garbage collector automatically removes the reference of that object and free up the memory
- .Net a standard development IDE is available that is Microsoft Visual Studio
- .NET, takes on a different approach, by allowing you to program in any language you choose,but has compilers for many different languages that generates a platform specific code (i.e.Microsoft or Windows).
- .NET can be used to make any programming language into a Windows program.NET COM interoperability layer maps null .NET object references to VT_EMPTY.
22 September, 2010
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Lucknow Regional and Study Centre Details
| Region Code |
Name of the Reg. Centre |
Address of the Regional Centre |
Name of RD/ARD |
Operational Area |
| 27 | Lucknow | Regional Director, IGNOU Regional Centre, B-1/33, Sector-H, Aliganj, Lucknow-226 020 Ph. 0522-375830, 364893 Ph. Res. 0522-763262 Fax: 0522-364889 |
Dr. (Ms.) Manorama Singh, RD Dr. Amit Chaturvedi, ARD Sh. A.K. Misra, ARD Sh. Ashwini Kumar, ARD |
Uttar Pradesh (Partly) except Meerut, Modinagar, Gaziabad and Mathura |
| Sl.No. | Centre Code |
Study Centre Address |
| 1 | 2701 | Jai Narain Degree College, Lucknow-226 019 |
| 2 | 2702 | St. John's College, Agra-282 002 |
| 3 | 2703 |
Allahabad Degree College, 15, Kyadganj, Allahabad-211 003 |
| 4 | 2704 | Bareilly College, Post Box No.15, Bareilly-243 005 |
| 5 | 2705 |
DAV PG College, Dehradun-248 001 |
| 6 | 2706 | PPN College, 96/12, MG Marg, Kanpur-208 002 |
| 7 | 2706 (A) |
SSC, Kanpur, Narwal |
| 8 | 2708 | Udai Pratap PG College, Varanasi-221 002 |
| 9 | 2709 | Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur-273 001 |
| 10 | 2710 | Kamala Instt. Of Physical & Social Sc., Sultanpur-228 001 |
| 11 | 2711 | MB Govt. PG College, Haldwani-263 141 |
| 12 | 2712 | Bipin Bihari PG College, Jhansi-284 001 |
| 13 | 2713 | Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002 |
| 14 | 2714 | Hindu College, Moradabad-244 001 |
| 15 | 2715 | Govt. PG College, Gopeshwar-246 401 |
| 16 | 2716 | S.C. College, Ballia-277 001 |
| 17 | 2717 | Kumaon University, Almora-263 601 |
| 18 | 2720 | Lucknow Christian College, Lucknow-226 018 |
| 19 | 2721 | Karan Khettra PG College, Etawah-206 001 |
| 20 | 2722 (R) |
NTPC, Shaktinagar-231 222 |
| 21 | 2723 (R) |
Children College, Azamgarh-276 001 |
| 22 | 2724 (R) |
India Telephones Ind. Ltd., ESS Project, Manakapur-271 308 |
| 23 | 2725 (R) |
Samarpan Charitable Trust, Basantpur, Lucknow Road, Bahraich-271 801 |
| 24 | 2726 |
Govt. PG College, Pithauragarh-262 501 |
| 25 | 2727 | APN Degree College, Basti-272 001 |
| 26 | 2729 | DN College, Fatehgarh, Distt. Farukhabad |
| 27 | 2731 (P) |
MMM Engg. College, Gorakhpur |
| 28 | 2732 (P) |
UPTEC Computer Consultancy Ltd., Lucknow |
| 29 | 2733 (P) |
KNIT, Sultanpur |
| 30 | 2734 (P) |
Instt. Of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu Medical College, Varanasi(U.P.)-221 005 |
| 31 | 2735 (P) |
King Georges Medical College, Lucknow-226 003 |
| 32 | 2736 (P) |
AGSS Centre of Distance Education, Koran, Allahabad, Distt.212 306 |
| 33 | 2737 | M.D.Post Graduate College Pratapgarh. |
| 34 | 2740(P) | College of Nursing, Medical College Campus, Kanpur-214879 |
| 35 | 2742(P) | NTPC Ltd. Unchahar, Dist. Raibareli-229406, UP |
| 36 | 2745 | VBS Poorvanchal University Shahaganj Road, Jaunpur-222002 |
| 37 | 2747 | Feroze Candhi College Raibareli-229001 |
| 38 | 2750(D) | I.T.College, Faizabad Road Lucknow |
| 39 | 2751 (D) |
Awadh Girls Inter College, Kurja, Sant Kabir Nagar, U.P. |
| 40 | 2753D | Sh. Ganesh Shanker Vid. M'LAYA, Kanpur |
02 September, 2010
01 September, 2010
IGNOU MCA JULY 2010 Assignments
Hello Friends.........
MCA July 2010 Assignments Question paper can be downloaded here....
MCA 2nd Semester Assignments (New Syllabus)
MCA 4th Semester Assignments (New Syllabus)
MCA July 2010 Assignments Question paper can be downloaded here....
MCA 2nd Semester Assignments (New Syllabus)
MCA 4th Semester Assignments (New Syllabus)
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